Omissions? [18], Gomułka's anti-Soviet image was exaggerated but was justified in the popular imagination by his anti-Stalinist line in 1948 and years of subsequent internment. In June, they were still treated as puppets and servants of alien, anti-Polish interests and excluded from the national community. The demonstrations were suppressed but they did afford reformist Communists the opportunity to advance an agenda that included significant concessions to … He was executed in 1958 What happened on the 23rd of October, 1956? Numerous events of protest and revolt, especially among students reverberated across the continent in 1968, but many followed rather than preceded the Polish crisis. The Poles, in recognising the cries of the public, needed to keep the Soviets from direct control but could not raise their demands to a point that endangered their relationships in the bloc. [15] The Soviet delegation was led by Nikita Khrushchev and included Anastas Mikoyan, Nikolai Bulganin, Vyacheslav Molotov, Lazar Kaganovich and Ivan Konev. In February 1956 Khrushchev denounced Stalin in a “secret speech” that quickly became public and sent shock waves throughout the Communist world. The power elite was paralysed by internal conflicts and public feelings were strongly anti-Soviet. Encouraged by the new freedom of debate and criticism, a rising tide of unrest and discontent in Hungary broke out into active fighting in … "The Soviet Economic Impact on Poland". Poznań Riots, (June 1956), uprising of Polish industrial workers that caused a crisis among the Polish communist leadership as well as in the Soviet bloc and resulted in the establishment of a new Polish regime headed by Władysław Gomułka. Therefore, any reform in the Polish government would have to concede to some Soviet demands, but the Soviets concurrently would have to concede to a vital partner.[14]. However, the real attractions for the Polish people were the foreigners, many of whom were from Western Europe and contrasted starkly with local Poles because they shared a similar culture but were much richer and more open. The Uprising was an almost spontaneous revolt by the Hungarian people against the ruling Communist Party of the time and the Soviet policies which were … Polish Crisis, Warsaw, Poland,... ️Best Price Guaranteed ️Simple licensing. Dallin, Alexander. Three years had passed since Joseph Stalin's death and his successor at the Soviet Union's helm, Nikita Khrushchev, denounced him in February. Get this stock video and more royalty-free footage. Having failed to persuade the Polish peasantry to collectivise, the government adopted instead, a policy of systematic discrimination and harassment against private farmers. Poznański Czerwiec 1956 r. – straty osobowe i ich analiza", Wydawnictwo Comandor, Warszawa 2006, Dallin, Alexander. Also, party committees were not attacked. [7], Gomulka's pledge to follow a "Polish road to socialism" more in harmony with national traditions and preferences caused many Poles to interpret the dramatic confrontation of 1956 as a sign that the end of the dictatorship was in sight. Riots soon broke out, the local offices of the secret police and party functionaries were attacked, and a police security officer was lynched. In the end, Gomułka failed in his goal to salvage communism—or socialism—in Poland. One specific condition that he set was for Soviet Marshal Konstantin Rokossovsky, who had mobilized troops against the Poznań workers, to be removed from the Polish Politburo and Defence Ministry to which Ochab agreed. His name was chanted, along with anti-Soviet slogans, at thousands of meetings: "Go home Rokossovsky", "Down with the Russians," "Long live Gomułka" and "We want a free Poland". In 1956, a deep political crisis developed in Poland. Wages were raised by 50%, and economic and political change was promised. During Stalinism, the Soviet Union had placed Moscow-friendly Poles or Russians themselves in important political positions in Poland. [2], Ł. Jastrząb, "Rozstrzelano moje serce w Poznaniu. Corrections? How to explain, however, the longevity of the Polish crisis in the early 80s while the earlier protest movements have … October Crisis in Poland 1956. After brief but tense negotiations, the Soviets gave permission for Gomułka to stay in control and made several other concessions, resulting in greater autonomy for the Polish government. Untouched by the scandals of Stalinism, Gomułka was acceptable to the Polish masses but at first was viewed with much suspicion by Moscow. "Excerpts from Gomulka's Speech to Central Committee of Polish Communists". Even before learning the details of and securing a summary or copy of Khrushchev’s speech, the U.S. began to position itself to take advantage of the revelations. Share to Twitter Share to Facebook Share to Pinterest. The revelations may even have contributed to the Polish uprising in June 1956 and the Hungarian revolution of October 1956. They demanded the return of the eastern territories, an explanation for the Katyn massacre and the elimination of the Russian language from the educational curriculum. [22], Gomułka, however, could not and did not want to reject communism or Soviet domination; he could only steer Poland towards increased independence and "Polish national communism". Also crucial were the impacts of nationalism and nationalist emotions. What appeared as his confrontation with Khrushchev and other top Soviet leaders who descended on Warsaw in…, …communist rule was staged in Poznań. "The defection of Jozef Swiatlo and the Search for Jewish Scapegoats in the Polish United Workers' Party, 1953–1954", "Notes from the Minutes of the CPSU CC Presidium Meeting with Satellite Leaders, 24 October 1956", "United Nations report of the Special Committee on the problem of Hungary", Północna Grupa Wojsk Armii Radzieckiej w Polsce w latach 1945-1956. Gomułka was a moderate who had been the First Secretary of the Party from 1943 to 1948 and had been ousted and imprisoned in 1951 after he had been accused of "right-wing nationalist deviation" by Stalinist hardliners, along with Bierut. Although the spontaneous uprising remained localized and could not be sustained, it convinced the Central Committee of the Polish United Workers’ Party (PZPR) that significant policy changes had to be undertaken. On Wednesday, September 19, Pawel Machcewicz, WWICS Public Policy scholar, and a former WWICS fellow, discussed his research in the causes, effects, and developments of the Polish 1956 events. The … 1956 Polish and Hungarian Crises. [4] Initially very popular for his reforms,[23] which were optimistically referred to at the time as "Gomułka's thaw", Gomułka gradually softened his opposition to Soviet pressures, and the late-1950s hopes for major political change in Poland were replaced with growing disillusionment in the 1960s. The country had been forced to rely on the Soviets for so long that breaking away completely would prove disastrous. Vicious street fighting broke out, but the Soviets’ great power ensured victory. Updates? A new Party Congress was demanded, as were a greater role for the Sejm and a guarantee of personal liberties. [7] In December, the status of Soviet forces in Poland, the Northern Group of Forces, was finally regulated. Gomułka's thaw was caused by several factors. See the article in its original context from October 21, 1956, Page 1 Buy Reprints View on timesmachine TimesMachine is an exclusive benefit for home delivery and digital subscribers. Riots broke out that left dozens dead by the time the military suppressed the uprising.…. The communist authorities were not openly and unequivocally challenged, as they had been in June, and anticommunist slogans, which had been prevalent in the June uprising, such as "We want free elections", "Down with Communist dictatorship" or "Down with the Party", were much less prevalent. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. The people of Hungary and the rest of Eastern Europe were ruled over with a rod of iron by Communist Russia and anybody who challenged the rule of Stalin and Russia paid the price. [4][7][8], The PZPR Secretariat decided that Khrushchev's speech should have wide circulation in Poland, a unique decision in the Eastern Bloc. [2] By the time of the March 1968 events, Gomułka's thaw would be long over, and increasing economic problems and popular discontent would end up removing Gomułka from power in 1970—ironically, in a situation similar to the protests that once had propelled him to power. Mage's polemic thus sharply highlights the Spartacist tendency's line in the present Polish crisis, where the constellation of counterrevolutionary forces which were in Hungary a distinct ly subordinate element today wield the Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). In the last ten days of October, monuments to the Red Army, despised by Poles, were attacked; red stars were pulled down from roofs of houses, factories and schools; red flags were destroyed; and portraits of Konstantin Rokossovsky, the military commander in charge of operations that drove the Nazi German forces from Poland, were defaced. [2], For the People's Republic of Poland, 1956 was a year of transition. Having failed to persuade the Polish peasantry to collectivise, the government adopted instead, a policy of systematic discrimination and harassment against private farmers. Between 57[9] and 78[10][11] people, mostly protesters, were killed, and hundreds were wounded and arrested. [20], In the aftermath of the October events, Rokossovsky and many other Soviet "advisers" left Poland, signaling that Moscow was willing to grant Polish communists slightly more independence. Among them was cardinal Stefan Wyszyński. The uprising began in Hungary as a spontaneous nationwide revolt against the People's Republic of Hungary and its Soviet-imposed policies, while in Poland similar political uprisings began in October 1956. On November 18, rioters destroyed the militia headquarters and radio jamming equipment in Bydgoszcz, and on December 10, a crowd in Szczecin attacked public buildings, including a prison, the state prosecutor's office, militia headquarters and the Soviet consulate. [8], Information about events in Poland reached the people of Hungary via Radio Free Europe's news and commentary services between 19 October and 22 October 1956. Thus, both countries held crucial power in different facets. In the summer of 1955, the 5th World Festival of Youth and Students was held in Warsaw. The power elite was paralysed by internal conflicts and public feelings were strongly anti-Soviet. The documents, most of which are working notes, are from 1956 and come from Russian and Bulgarian archives. Gomułka, who believed in a “Polish road to socialism,” became a candidate for the leadership of the party. On November 4, 1956, Soviet tanks rolled into Budapest to crush, once and for all, the national uprising. Posted by Miss Cust at 10:48 No comments: Email This BlogThis! A large demonstration in Budapest, which called in support of the Polish reformers, and escalated out of control The Soviet Union had financed Polish industry and was Poland's main trading partner. Some social scientists term it the Polish October Revolution, which was less dramatic than the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 but may have had an even deeper impact on the Eastern Bloc and on the Soviet Union's relationship to its satellite states in Central and Eastern Europe. [2][4], Nonetheless, some social scientists, such as Zbigniew Brzezinski and Frank Gibney, refer to these changes as a revolution, one less dramatic than its Hungarian counterpart but one which may have had an even more profound impact on the Eastern Bloc. [2][7] The Soviets were also pressured by the Chinese to accommodate the Polish demands[1][17] and were increasingly distracted by the events in Hungary. Zyzniewski, Stanley J. Hungarian Revolution, popular uprising in Hungary in 1956, following a speech by Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev in which he attacked the period of Joseph Stalin’s rule. However, official organisers tended to lose control as the political content exceeded their original agenda. Okupant w roli sojusznika, LOC: From Stalinism to the Polish October, Russian Revolution, Russian Civil War, Polish–Soviet War, 17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), 18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance, Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance, 19th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Aggravation of class struggle under socialism, National delimitation in the Soviet Union, Demolition of Cathedral of Christ the Saviour, Case of Trotskyist Anti-Soviet Military Organization, 1906 Bolshevik raid on the Tsarevich Giorgi, Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia, Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR, On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences, 22nd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Provisional Government of the Republic of Poland, 1987 Polish political and economic reforms referendum, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polish_October&oldid=1000029692, Articles with Polish-language sources (pl), Articles with unsourced statements from August 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Diffusion of Polish-Soviet tensions; armed conflict averted. [2] Norman Davies sums up the effect as a transformation of Poland from puppet state to client state;[2] Raymond Pearson similarly states that Poland changed from a Soviet colony to a dominion. The power in Warsaw, after the negotiation stiffened, and favored the use of the army to brutally silence this popular movement in 1956 in Poznan. Poland, 1956. Demands were made for the exposure of secret police collaborators, and suspected collaborators were frequently assaulted. After the death of the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin (March 1953), the rigidly authoritarian communist regime in Poland relaxed some of its policies. Gomułka demanded increased autonomy and permission to carry out some reforms but also reassured the Soviets that the reforms were internal matters and that Poland had no intention of abandoning communism or its treaties with the Soviet Union. [21] The Polish legislative election of 1957 was much more liberal than that of 1952 although still not considered free by Western standards. This decision was made despite Moscow's threats to invade Poland if the PZPR picked Gomulka, a moderate who had been purged after losing his battle with Bierut. Bierut's successors seized on Khrushchev's condemnation of Stalinist policy as a perfect opportunity to prove their reformist democratic credentials and their willingness to break with the Stalinist legacy. Europe Poland marks 50 years since 1968 anti-Semitic purge. In June Polish workers revolted in Poznan. President Eisenhower handled it by choosing not to intervene militarily on the side of the Hungarians, fearing that it might start a war with the Soviet Union. Poland and Hungary. It abolished the powerful and tyrannical Ministry of Security, demoting or arresting many of its chief officials, and declared an amnesty for 100,000 political prisoners. In February 1956 Khrushchev denounced Stalin in a “secret speech” that quickly became public and sent shock waves throughout the Communist world. People across the country criticised the security police and asked for the dissolution of the public security committee and the punishment of its most guilty functionaries. The Secretariat's plan succeeded beyond what it had expected. The Polish government rehabilitated many victims of the Stalinist era, and many political prisoners were set free. [16][17], Eventually, when Khrushchev was reassured that Gomułka would not alter the basic foundations of Polish communism, he withdrew the invasion threat and agreed to compromise, and Gomułka was confirmed in his new position. In the course of this crisis the Soviets have shown their true imperialist colors. [5] Several other factors contributed to the destabilisation of Poland, such as the widely publicised defection in 1953 of high-ranking Polish intelligence agent Józef Światło, which resulted in the weakening of the Ministry of Public Security of Poland, the secret police. [8], In June 1956, there was an insurrection in Poznań. The peasants responded with sullen passive resistance; bad harvests and reluctance to plant crops or breed livestock reduced agricultural production. The 1956 crises in the Soviet Bloc states, and the Hungarian October events in particular, had a profound impact on China’s international and domestic policies. Kemp-Welch, Tony. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Share to Twitter Share to Facebook Share to Pinterest. The Kremlin viewed this situation with concern. In October, they became a part of the nation opposing Soviet domination. Deeply stricken, many Poles realised that a decade's worth of anti-Western rhetoric had been false. They spurred social protest in June but dampened it in October, when the threat of Soviet invasion against Gomułka and his supporters transformed the social image of Polish communists. The 1956 Hungarian Revolution is the third in the "National Security Archive Cold War Reader" series published by Central European University Press. In 1956, talking to President Eisenhower by telephone about the crisis in Hungary, Secretary of State Dulles had said that it was "very difficult to know how to handle the situation." From International Socialist Review, Vol.17 No.4, Fall 1956, pp.111-112. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree.... …heads; a violently suppressed workers’ strike in Poznań in June 1956 shook the whole country. [24] History professor Iván T. Berend claims that while the effects of the Polish October on the Eastern Bloc may be disputed, it set the course for the eventual fall of communism in the People's Republic of Poland. [19] The events of the Hungarian November also helped distract the Soviets and ensure the success of the Polish October. That integration made any reform, whether political or economic, in country inevitably have a great impact on the other. On November 18, 1956, in his address to Western ambassadors at the Polish embassy in Moscow, Russia, Khrushchev issued a threat, Мы вас похороним! By February 1956, Khrushchev had become First Secretary of the Communist Party, and that month, at the party's 20th All Union Congress, Khrushchev gave his famous six-hour "secret speech" denouncing the "crimes of the Stalin era." In the next several months—despite a series of internal party disputes, a visit by Nikita Khrushchev and a Soviet delegation to Warsaw (October 19–20, 1956), and the threat of a Soviet invasion of Poland—the Central Committee elected Gomułka first secretary of the party (October 21, 1956). For example, many members of the Polish United Workers' Party (PZPR) criticised Stalin's execution of older Polish communists during the Great Purge. The enthusiastic public support offered to Gomułka contributed to the legitimisation of communist rule in Poland, which incorporated mass nationalist, anti-Soviet feelings into the prevailing power structures. Hymns were sung, and the release of Stefan Wyszyński and the reinstatement of suppressed bishops were demanded. The documents, most of which are working notes, are from 1956 and come from Russian and Bulgarian archives. A student demonstration in Budapest in support of Gomułka, asking for similar reforms in Hungary, was one of the events that sparked the Hungarian Revolution of 1956. This page was last edited on 13 January 2021, at 04:51. Prague Spring 1968. Poland in 1956 - New Interpretations of the Social Protest and Political Crisis. [5][12][13], The Poznań protests, although the largest, were not unique in Poland, where social protest resumed its fury that autumn. For several decades, scholarship on the Polish crisis of 1956 focused on high politics: the post-Stalin ‘thaw’, factional struggles within the communist Party (PZPR) and the return to power of Władysław Gomułka. Transcription & mark-up by Einde O’Callaghanfor ETOL. [4], The Soviet leadership viewed events in Poland with alarm. Polish October (Polish: Polski październik), also known as October 1956, Polish thaw, or Gomułka's thaw, marked a change in the politics of Poland in the second half of 1956. [4], In Poland, in addition to criticism of the cult of personality, popular topics of debate centered on the right to steer a more independent course of "local, national socialism", instead of following the Soviet model in every detail. The Polish Crisis and the Hungarian Rebellion, October 20-November 3, 1956: The Advent to Power of Gomulka in Poland and Nagy in Hungary; Soviet Military Intervention in and Subsequent Withdrawal From Hungary; Discussion of the Hungarian Question in the U.N. Security Council In June, protests by workers in June in Poznań had highlighted the people's dissatisfaction with their situation. A high-level delegation of the Soviet Central Committee flew to Poland in an attempt to block removing pro-Soviet members of Politburo, mainly Soviet and Polish Marshal Konstantin Rokossovsky. [8], In October, Edward Ochab, the First Secretary of the Party and the Polish Prime Minister, proposed Władysław Gomułka for election for the First Secretary of the Party during the 8th Plenum meeting. Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership, This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/event/Poznan-Riots, The New York Times - Rioting Over Hard Life in Poland Led to ‘Golden October’ of 1956. This study will analyze the Soviet decision as a discrete problem, and thereby contribute also both to the literature on the Hungarian crisis itself and on the nature of Soviet crisis decisionmaking.1 The leadership in Moscow took decisions in circumstances of acute strain, over a limited period of time from October to November 1956, and under considerable pressure. The workers rioted to protest shortages of food and consumer goods, bad housing, the decline in real income, trade relations with the Soviet Union and the poor management of the economy. 1956 Polish and Hungarian Crises The uprising began in Hungary as a spontaneous nationwide revolt against the People's Republic of Hungary and its Soviet-imposed policies, while in Poland similar political uprisings began in October 1956. For Poland, that meant a temporary liberalisation, but eventually, hopes for a full liberalisation were proven false, as Gomułka's regime gradually became more oppressive. [1][4], The leadership's stance contributed to the relatively-moderate political dimension of social protest in October. Poland - The Historical Setting: Chapter 6: The Polish People's Republic. The Polish government initially responded by branding the rioters as "provocateurs, counterrevolutionaries and imperialist agents". [3]:446–448, In February 1956, following the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev delivered the Secret Speech. If it was a threat or not, it was seen as one by some government officials in America. Designed to be a vast propaganda exercise and a meeting place for Eastern European communists and their comrades from Western Europe, Asia, Africa and South America, the event brought hundreds of thousands of Polish spectators to Warsaw for the five days to watch dancing, theatre and other attractions. The Soviet Union directed the products that Poland manufactured, bought the products and exported goods to Poland that were no longer produced in it. The political atmosphere in Poland shifted as questions were increasingly asked about taboo subjects like the Polish communists' legitimacy; responsibility for Stalin's crimes; the arrest of the increasingly-popular Władysław Gomułka, and issues in Soviet–Polish relations, such as the continued Soviet military presence in Poland, the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, the Katyn massacre and the Soviet failure to support the Warsaw Uprising. He analyzed the situation from a social, grass roots, level, moving beyond the initial studies of top level politics and into the effects … A concurrent upsurge in religious and clerical sentiment took place. Alarmed by the process, the Party Secretariat decided to withhold the speech from the general public. By mid-November, Gomułka had secured substantive gains in his negotiations with the Soviets: the cancellation of Poland's existing debts, new preferential trade terms, abandonment of the unpopular Soviet-imposed collectivization of Polish agriculture, and permission to liberalize policy towards the Roman Catholic Church. With the more exotic visitors, Poles also socialised in private apartments all around the city. Poles, Germans, Hungarians, Czechs and others from the Communist bloc actively socialised with one another. [2] Timothy Garton Ash calls the Polish October the most significant event in the post-war history of Poland until the rise of Solidarity. "Dethroning Stalin: Poland 1956 and its Legacy". Attempts were made to force entries into the homes of Soviet citizens, mostly in Lower Silesia, which was home to many Soviet troops. Hungarian Revolution, popular uprising in Hungary in 1956, following a speech by Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev in which he attacked the period of Joseph Stalin ’s rule. Street activity peaked during and immediately after the 19–21 October "VIII Plenum" meeting of the Central Committee of the PZPR but continued until late in the year. Starting with the June 28 general strike in Poznan, the Polish and Hungarian workers launched a general revolutionary uprising against the rule of the Kremlin bureaucracy. Journalists and foreign party members, including Italy's communist leader Togliatt, were not allowed to attend. Tens of thousands took part in such meetings. The majority of the Polish leadership, backed by both the army and the Internal Security Corps, brought Gomułka and several associates into the Politburo and designated Gomułka as First Secretary. Khrushchev's speech worked against him. Because Poland was inextricably connected to the Soviet Union economically, the thought of an independent Polish economy was unrealistic. Crowds often took radical action, which often resulted in unrest on the streets and clashes with police and other law enforcement agencies. The negotiations were tense; both Polish and Soviet troops were put on alert and engaged in "manoeuvres" that were used as thinly-veiled threats. Some social scientists term it the Polish October Revolution, which was less dramatic than the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 but may have had an even deeper impact on the Eastern Bloc and on the Soviet Union's relationship to its satellite states in Central and Eastern Europe. 6: the Polish Uprising in June in Poznań their original agenda us know you. Were set free was acceptable to the Soviet Union, on the Personality Cult and Consequences. - new Interpretations of the Polish Communist party of the Stalinist era, and political. 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